SelectMDx and Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Prostate for Men Undergoing Primary Prostate Biopsy: A Prospective Assessment in a Multi-Institutional Study

Simple Summary Prostate-specific antigen and digital rectal examination, used to guide prostate biopsy, often result in overdiagnosis of indolent prostate cancer (PCa) while missing clinically significant PCa (csPCa). The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of SelectMDx and its association with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) in predicting PCa in prostate biopsies. SelectMDx was revealed to be a good predictor of PCa, while with regards to csPCa detection, it was demonstrated to be less effective, showing results similar to mpMRI. The best diagnostic strategy to avoid unnecessary biopsy is performing SelectMDx after an initial negative mpMRI. Biopsy could be proposed for all cases of positive mpMRI and to those with a negative mpMRI followed by a positive SelectMDx. Abstract Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing as the sole indication for prostate biopsy lacks specificity, resulting in overdiagnosis of indolent prostate cancer (PCa) and missing clinically significant PCa (csPCa). SelectMDx is a biomarker-based risk score to assess urinary HOXC6 and DLX1 mRNA expression combined with traditional clinical risk factors. The aim of this prospective multi-institutional study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of SelectMDx and its association with multiparametric magnetic resonance (mpMRI) when predicting PCa in prostate biopsies. Overall, 310 consecutive subjects were included. All patients underwent mpMRI and SelectMDx prior to prostate biopsy. SelectMDx and mpMRI showed sensitivity and specificity of 86.5% vs. 51.9%, and 73.8% vs. 88.3%, respectively, in predicting PCa at biopsy, and 87.1% vs. 61.3%, and 63.7% vs. 83.9%, respectively, in predicting csPCa at biopsy. SelectMDx was revealed to be a good predictor of PCa, while with regards to csPCa detection, it was demonstrated to be less effective, showing results similar to mpMRI. With analysis of strategies assessed to define the best diagnostic strategy to avoid unnecessary biopsy, SelectMDx appeared to be a reliable pathway after an initial negative mpMRI. Thus, biopsy could be proposed for all cases of mpMRI PI-RADS 4–5 score, and to those with Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) 1–3 score followed by a positive SelectMDx.