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Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region
- Source :
- Reckermann, M.; Omstedt, A.; Soomere, T.; Aigars, J.; Akhtar, N.; Bełdowska, M.; Bełdowski, J.; Cronin, T.; Czub, M.; Eero, M.; Hyytiäinen, K.P.; Jalkanen, J.-P.; Kiessling, A.; Kjellström, E.; Kuliński, K.; Larsén, X.G.; McCrackin, M.; Meier, H.E.M.; Oberbeckmann, S.; Parnell, K.; Pons-Seres De Brauwer, C.; Poska, A.; Saarinen, J.; Szymczycha, B.; Undeman, E.; Wörman, A.; Zorita, E.: Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region. In: Earth System Dynamics. Vol. 13 (2022) 1, 1-80. (DOI: /10.5194/esd-13-1-2022), Earth System Dynamics, Vol 13, Pp 1-80 (2022), Reckermann, M, Omstedt, A, Soomere, T, Aigars, J, Akhtar, N, Bełdowska, M, Bełdowski, J, Cronin, T, Czub, M, Eero, M, Hyytiäinen, K P, Jalkanen, J-P, Kiessling, A, Kjellström, E, Kuliński, K, Larsén, X G, McCrackin, M, Meier, H E M, Oberbeckmann, S, Parnell, K, Pons-Seres de Brauwer, C, Poska, A, Saarinen, J, Szymczycha, B, Undeman, E, Wörman, A & Zorita, E 2022, ' Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region ', Earth System Dynamics, vol. 13, pp. 1-80 . https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1-2022
- Publication Year :
- 2022
- Publisher :
- Copernicus Publications, 2022.
-
Abstract
- Coastal environments, in particular heavily populated semi-enclosed marginal seas and coasts like the Baltic Sea region, are stongly affected by human activities. A multitude of human impacts, including climate change, affects the different compartments of the environment, and these effects interact with each other. As part of the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports (BEAR), we present an inventory and discussion of different human-induced factors and processes affecting the environment of the Baltic Sea region, and their interrelations. Some are naturally occurring and modified by human activities (i.e. climate change, coastal processes, hypoxia, acidification, submarine groundwater discharges, marine ecosystems, non-indigenous species, land use and land cover), some are completely human-induced (i.e. agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, river regulations, offshore wind farms, shipping, chemical contamination, dumped warfare agents, marine litter and microplastics, tourism, coastal management), and they are all interrelated to different degrees. We present a general description and analysis of the state of knowledge on these interrelations. Our main insight is that climate change has an overarching, integrating impact on all of the other factors and can be interpreted as a background effect, which has different implications for the other factors. Impacts on the environment and the human sphere can be roughly allocated to anthropogenic drivers such as food production, energy production, transport, industry and economy. We conclude that a sound management and regulation of human activities must be implemented in order to use and keep the environments and ecosystems of the Baltic Sea region sustainably in a good shape. This must balance the human needs, which exert tremendous pressures on the systems, as humans are the overwhelming driving force for almost all changes we see. The findings from this inventory of available information and analysis of the different factors and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region can largely be transferred to other comparable marginal and coastal seas in the world.
- Subjects :
- 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences
QE500-639.5
02 engineering and technology
010501 environmental sciences
CHEMICAL WARFARE AGENTS
01 natural sciences
Klimatforskning
COMBINED COASTAL PROTECTION
Marine debris
SDG 13 - Climate Action
PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
other research area
020701 environmental engineering
SDG 15 - Life on Land
QE1-996.5
OFFSHORE WIND FARMS
Environmental resource management
Environmental Sciences (social aspects to be 507)
Geology
CLIMATE-CHANGE IMPACTS
1171 Geosciences
Microplastics
Climate Research
Baltic Sea
SUBMARINE GROUNDWATER DISCHARGE
Science
0207 environmental engineering
GOBY NEOGOBIUS-MELANOSTOMUS
Climate change
Land cover
ACID-BASE SYSTEM
Marine ecosystem
SDG 14 - Life Below Water
14. Life underwater
SDG 2 - Zero Hunger
1172 Environmental sciences
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Responsibility and Sustainability e.g. SDGs
human impacts
Land use
business.industry
fungi
COD GADUS-MORHUA
15. Life on land
Dynamic and structural geology
coastal environment
13. Climate action
INDIGENOUS ROUND GOBY
Sustainability
Environmental science
General Earth and Planetary Sciences
Coastal management
business
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 21904979 and 21904987
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Reckermann, M.; Omstedt, A.; Soomere, T.; Aigars, J.; Akhtar, N.; Bełdowska, M.; Bełdowski, J.; Cronin, T.; Czub, M.; Eero, M.; Hyytiäinen, K.P.; Jalkanen, J.-P.; Kiessling, A.; Kjellström, E.; Kuliński, K.; Larsén, X.G.; McCrackin, M.; Meier, H.E.M.; Oberbeckmann, S.; Parnell, K.; Pons-Seres De Brauwer, C.; Poska, A.; Saarinen, J.; Szymczycha, B.; Undeman, E.; Wörman, A.; Zorita, E.: Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region. In: Earth System Dynamics. Vol. 13 (2022) 1, 1-80. (DOI: /10.5194/esd-13-1-2022), Earth System Dynamics, Vol 13, Pp 1-80 (2022), Reckermann, M, Omstedt, A, Soomere, T, Aigars, J, Akhtar, N, Bełdowska, M, Bełdowski, J, Cronin, T, Czub, M, Eero, M, Hyytiäinen, K P, Jalkanen, J-P, Kiessling, A, Kjellström, E, Kuliński, K, Larsén, X G, McCrackin, M, Meier, H E M, Oberbeckmann, S, Parnell, K, Pons-Seres de Brauwer, C, Poska, A, Saarinen, J, Szymczycha, B, Undeman, E, Wörman, A & Zorita, E 2022, ' Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region ', Earth System Dynamics, vol. 13, pp. 1-80 . https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-13-1-2022
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....f22246df46f8cd446bd586df8395cb08