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Adaptive pathways of zoonotic influenza viruses: From exposure to establishment in humans
- Source :
- Vaccine, 30(30), 4419-4434. Elsevier
- Publication Year :
- 2012
- Publisher :
- Elsevier BV, 2012.
-
Abstract
- Human influenza viruses have their ultimate origin in avian reservoirs and may adapt, either directly or after passage through another mammalian species, to circulate independently in the human population. Three sets of barriers must be crossed by a zoonotic influenza virus before it can become a human virus: animal-to-human transmission barriers: virus-cell interaction barriers: and human-to-human transmission barriers. Adaptive changes allowing zoonotic influenza viruses to cross these barriers have been studied extensively, generating key knowledge for improved pandemic preparedness. Most of these adaptive changes link acquired genetic alterations of the virus to specific adaptation mechanisms that can be screened for, both genetically and phenotypically, as part of zoonotic influenza virus surveillance programs. Human-to-human transmission barriers are only sporadically crossed by zoonotic influenza viruses, eventually triggering a worldwide influenza outbreak or pandemic. This is the most devastating consequence of influenza virus cross-species transmission. Progress has been made in identifying some of the determinants of influenza virus transmissibility. However, interdisciplinary research is needed to further characterize these ultimate barriers to the development of influenza pandemics, at both the level of the individual host and that of the population. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
- Subjects :
- Avian
Swine
viruses
Population
Adaptation, Biological
Cross-species transmission
Adaptive change
Adaptive changes
Biology
medicine.disease_cause
Host Specificity
Virus
Birds
Zoonosis
Zoonoses
Immunology and Microbiology(all)
Influenza, Human
Pandemic
medicine
Animals
Humans
Adaptation
education
education.field_of_study
General Veterinary
General Immunology and Microbiology
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Orthomyxoviridae
medicine.disease
veterinary(all)
Virology
Influenza
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1
Infectious Diseases
Influenza in Birds
Molecular Medicine
Human Virus
Human
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 0264410X
- Volume :
- 30
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Vaccine
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....effd4ba3841a0fb6c8675507f61a20fa