A compact low-power wireless system for in vivo evaluation of heat and moisture exchanger performance

Reliable tools for monitoring heat and moisture exchanger (HME) performance are in high demand by physicians, in order to assess the proper air conditioning delivered to intensive care unit (ICU) patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. To date, there is no system that comprehends all the requirements for clinical applications, in terms of performance and design. In this paper, a compact measurement system is proposed for monitoring HME performance in vivo, comparing the results with in vitro testing outcomes. The portable system presented is connected to the ventilation circuit close to the HME and assures wide compatibility with the new generation of smart devices because of its embedded Bluetooth low-energy module. Low power consumption ensures long-term monitoring capability of more than 24?h. Laboratory tests performed both in static and dynamic conditions showed rise- and fall-times for humidity measurements between 1?s and 1.8?s, compatible with many common variations in working operative conditions during mechanical ventilation. Clinical tests performed in the ICU demonstrated the possibility to effectively and continuously monitor in vivo HME performance. Furthermore, the comparison of the in vivo performances with the in vitro standard procedure and the agreement of the parameter ranges monitored allowed us to confirm the reliability of the system, highlighting the usefulness of this approach for proper real time HME monitoring.