Sociodemographic Factors and Survival of Infants With Congenital Heart Defects

OBJECTIVES: To examine the first-year survival of infants with congenital heart defects (CHDs) and investigate the potential role of socioeconomic and demographic factors on survival. METHODS: Subjects included 15 533 infants with CHDs born between 2004 and 2013 ascertained by the NC Birth Defects Monitoring Program. We classified CHDs into the following 3 groups: critical univentricular (n = 575), critical biventricular (n = 1494), and noncritical biventricular (n = 13 345). We determined vital status and age at death through linkage to state vital records and used geocoded maternal residence at birth to obtain census information for study subjects. We calculated Kaplan–Meier survival estimates by maternal and infant characteristics and derived hazard ratios from Cox proportional hazard models for selected exposures. RESULTS: Among all infants with CHDs, there were 1289 deaths (8.3%) in the first year. Among infants with univentricular defects, 61.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 57.7%–65.7%) survived. Survival among infants with univentricular defects was considerably better for those whose fathers were ≥35 years old (71.6%; 95% CI: 63.8%–80.3%) compared with those whose fathers were younger (59.7%; 95% CI: 54.6%–65.2%). Factors associated with survival among infants with any biventricular defect included maternal education, race and/or ethnicity, marital status, and delivery at a heart center. The hazard of infant mortality was greatest among non-Hispanic African American mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Survival among infants with critical univentricular CHDs was less variable across sociodemographic categories compared with survival among infants with biventricular CHDs. Sociodemographic differences in survival among infants with less severe CHDs reinforces the importance of ensuring culturally effective pediatric care for at-risk infants and their families.