Nutrition transition and chronic diseases in China (1990–2019): industrially processed and animal calories rather than nutrients and total calories as potential determinants of the health impact

Objective:To extend analyses of nutrition transition in developed countries to China within the framework of the 3Vs rule considering degree of processing starting with plant/animal calorie ratio (Rule 1), industrially processed foods (IPFs, Rule 2), and food diversity through nutrient intakes (Rule 3).Design:Total and main food group (n 13) calorie intakes, percentages of animal and IPF calories, adequacy of the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) and prevalence of chronic diseases were retrieved from scientific literature and international databases.Setting:China, 1990–2019.Participants:Overall population.Results:The total calorie intake decreased by 9 % over 30 years while the prevalence of chronic diseases substantially increased. Percentages of IPFs (Rule 1) and animal (Rule 2) calorie intake shifted from 9 to 30 % and 2 to 30 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the overall DRI adequacy (Rule 3) did not improve, with calcium and retinol deficiencies in 2019, and, although remaining above DRI, iron, copper, magnesium, and vitamins E, C and B1–B9 intakes regularly decreased. Notably, the prevalence of obesity increased five-fold, paralleling the exponential increase in IPF calorie intake. Both sources of calories were highly correlated with prevalence of main chronic diseases.Conclusions:Despite a slight decreased of total calorie consumption and small variations of adequacy with DRI, the farther the Chinese population moved away from the 3Vs rule during the 1990–2019 period, the more the prevalence of chronic diseases increased. Further analyses on foods’ transitions will be better assessed when advocating sources/quality of calories (Rules 1/2), rather than only nutrient composition (Rule 3).