Amino acid residue at the 165th position tunes EYFP chromophore maturation. A structure-based design

Graphical abstract
For the whole GFP family, a few cases, when a single mutation in the chromophore environment strongly inhibits maturation, were described. Here we study EYFP-F165G – a variant of the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein – obtained by a single F165G replacement, and demonstrated multiple fluorescent states represented by the minor emission peaks in blue and yellow ranges (~470 and ~530 nm), and the major peak at ~330 nm. The latter has been assigned to tryptophan fluorescence, quenched due to excitation energy transfer to the mature chromophore in the parental EYFP protein. EYFP-F165G crystal structure revealed two general independent routes of post-translational chemistry, resulting in two main states of the polypeptide chain with the intact chromophore forming triad (~85%) and mature chromophore (~15%). Our experiments thus highlighted important stereochemical role of the 165th position strongly affecting spectral characteristics of the protein. On the basis of the determined EYFP-F165G three-dimensional structure, new variants with ~ 2-fold improved brightness were engineered.