The bulk parameterizations of turbulent air–sea fluxes in NEMO4: the origin of sea surface temperature differences in a global model study

Wind stress and turbulent heat fluxes are the major driving forces that modify the ocean dynamics and thermodynamics. In the Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean (NEMO) ocean general circulation model, these turbulent air–sea fluxes (TASFs) can critically impact the simulated ocean characteristics. This paper investigates how the various bulk parameterizations used to calculate turbulent air-sea fluxes in NEMOv4 can lead to substantial differences in the estimation of sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Specifically, we study the contributions of different aspects and assumptions of the bulk parameterizations in driving the SST differences in the NEMO global model configuration at 1/4∘ of horizontal resolution. These aspects include the use of the skin temperature instead of the bulk SST in the computation of turbulent heat flux components and the estimation of wind stress and turbulent heat flux components, which vary in each parameterization due to different bulk transfer coefficients. The analysis of a set of short-term sensitivity experiments where the only change is related to one of the aspects of the bulk parameterizations shows that parameterization-related SST differences are primarily sensitive to wind stress differences and to the implementation of skin temperature in the computation of turbulent heat flux components. In addition, in order to highlight the role of SST–turbulent heat flux negative feedback at play in ocean simulations, we compare the TASF differences obtained using the NEMO ocean model with the estimations by Brodeau et al. (2017), who compared the different bulk parameterizations using prescribed SSTs. Our estimations of turbulent heat flux differences between bulk parameterizations are weaker than those found by Brodeau et al. (2017).