Mobile Carbapenemase Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Carbapenem-resistantPseudomonas aeruginosais one of the major concerns in clinical settings impelling a great challenge to antimicrobial therapy for patients with infections caused by the pathogen. While membrane permeability, together with derepression of the intrinsic beta-lactamase gene, is the global prevailing mechanism of carbapenem resistance inP. aeruginosa, the acquired genes for carbapenemases need special attention because horizontal gene transfer through mobile genetic elements, such as integrons, transposons, plasmids, and integrative and conjugative elements, could accelerate the dissemination of the carbapenem-resistantP. aeruginosa. This review aimed to illustrate epidemiologically the carbapenem resistance inP. aeruginosa, including the resistance rates worldwide and the carbapenemase-encoding genes along with the mobile genetic elements responsible for the horizontal dissemination of the drug resistance determinants. Moreover, the modular mobile elements including the carbapenemase-encoding gene, also known as theP. aeruginosaresistance islands, are scrutinized mostly for their structures.