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Host immune responses during Taenia solium Neurocysticercosis infection and treatment
- Source :
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 14, Iss 4, p e0008005 (2020), PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
- Publication Year :
- 2019
- Publisher :
- Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2019.
-
Abstract
- Taenia solium cysticercosis and taeniasis (TSCT), caused by the tapeworm T. solium, is a foodborne and zoonotic disease classified since 2010 by WHO as a neglected tropical isease. It causes considerable impact on health and economy and is one of the leading causes of acquired epilepsy in most endemic countries of Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia. There is some evidence that the prevalence of TSCT in high-income countries has recently increased, mainly due to immigration from endemic areas. In regions endemic for TSCT, human cysticercosis can manifest clinically as neurocysticercosis (NCC), resulting in epileptic seizures and severe progressive headaches, amongst other neurological signs and/or symptoms. The development of these symptoms results from a complex interplay between anatomical cyst localization, environmental factors, parasite's infective potential, host genetics, and, especially, host immune responses. Treatment of individuals with active NCC (presence of viable cerebral cysts) with anthelmintic drugs together with steroids is usually effective and, in the majority, reduces the number and/or size of cerebral lesions as well as the neurological symptoms. However, in some cases, treatment may profoundly enhance anthelmintic inflammatory responses with ensuing symptoms, which, otherwise, would have remained silent as long as the cysts are viable. This intriguing silencing process is not yet fully understood but may involve active modulation of host responses by cyst-derived immunomodulatory components released directly into the surrounding brain tissue or by the induction of regulatory networks including regulatory T cells (Treg) or regulatory B cells (Breg). These processes might be disturbed once the cysts undergo treatment-induced apoptosis and necrosis or in a coinfection setting such as HIV. Herein, we review the current literature regarding the immunology and pathogenesis of NCC with a highlight on the mobilization of immune cells during human NCC and their interaction with viable and degenerating cysticerci. Moreover, the immunological parameters associated with NCC in people living with HIV/AIDS and treatments are discussed. Eventually, we propose open questions to understand the role of the immune system and its impact in this intriguing host-parasite crosstalk.
- Subjects :
- 0301 basic medicine
Physiology
Neurocysticercosis
RC955-962
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Review
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Nervous System
Biochemistry
White Blood Cells
0302 clinical medicine
Animal Cells
Immune Physiology
Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine
Taenia solium
Medicine and Health Sciences
Taeniasis
Immune Response
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Anthelmintics
Innate Immune System
Immunity, Cellular
Immune System Proteins
Cysticercosis
Regulatory T cells
Body Fluids
ddc
medicine.drug_formulation_ingredient
Infectious Diseases
Coinfection
Cytokines
Anatomy
Cellular Types
Headaches
medicine.symptom
Public aspects of medicine
RA1-1270
Immune Cells
Immunology
030231 tropical medicine
T cells
Antibodies
Host-Parasite Interactions
03 medical and health sciences
Signs and Symptoms
Immune system
Diagnostic Medicine
Immunity
parasitic diseases
Parasitic Diseases
medicine
Animals
Humans
Inflammation
Blood Cells
business.industry
Macrophages
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Biology and Life Sciences
Proteins
Cell Biology
Molecular Development
medicine.disease
030104 developmental biology
Immune System
business
Developmental Biology
Subjects
Details
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 14, Iss 4, p e0008005 (2020), PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....e5b02eb0e6f23a250733b10f5aecff0d