Acceleration of actin polymerization and rapid microfilament reorganization in cultured hepatocytes by cyclochlorotin, a hepatotoxic cyclic peptide

Cyclochlorotin (= chloropeptide, CC) is a hepatotoxic mycotoxin of Penicillium islandicum Sopp. The effect of CC on actin polymerization was examined by the measurement of changes in fluorescence intensity using pyrene-labeled actin and high shear viscosity. In the presence of CC, the time course of actin polymerization was accelerated in a dose dependent manner (2.5 ng/ml–2.5 μg/ml), without affecting the final level of viscosity. CC exerted a strong stabilizing effect on actin, enabling it to maintain its filamentous form in the presence of members of actin-binding proteins, including those of the gelsolin family prepared from hepatocytes. Microscopic observation revealed that in cultured hepatocytes, 1.0 μg/ml of CC induced bleb formation and changes in the microfilament. These observations indicated that after contact of the hepatocyte with CC, the following events were probable. The toxin passed through the cell membrane by a transport system and immediately reacted with the actin–actin binding proteins underlying the lipid bilayer. Bleb formation and hepatotoxicity were thus induced.