J2N-k hamster model simulates severe infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in patients with cardiovascular diseases

Considering the global impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, generating suitable experimental models is imperative. For pre-clinical studies, researchers require animal models displaying pathological features similar to those observed in patients; therefore, establishing animal models for COVID-19 is crucial. The golden Syrian hamster model mimics conditions observed in humans with mild severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. However, a golden Syrian hamster model of severe infection has not been reported. J2N-k hamsters are utilized as a cardiomyopathy model; therefore, we used cardiomyopathic J2N-k hamsters showing conditions similar to those of severe COVID-19 complicated with cardiovascular diseases, as patients with cardiovascular diseases exhibit a higher risk of morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19 than patients without cardiovascular diseases. Unlike that in golden Syrian hamsters, SARS-CoV-2 infection was lethal in J2N-k hamsters, with a median lethal dose of 104.75 plaque-forming units for the S clade of SARS-CoV-2 (A, GenBank: MW466791.1). High viral titers and viral genomes were detected in the lungs of J2N-k and golden Syrian hamster models harvested 3 days after infection. Pathological features of SARS-CoV-2-associated lung injury were observed in both models. The J2N-k hamster model can aid in developing vaccines or therapeutics against COVID-19.