Insight into the mechanisms of ball-milled biochar addition on soil tetracycline degradation enhancement: Physicochemical properties and microbial community structure

A set of soil under the addition of ball-milled biochar (BM-biochar) from different feedstocks (wheat straw (WS) and rice husk (RH)) and pyrolysis temperature (300 °C, 500 °C, and 700 °C) was established to analyze the tetracycline (TC) degradation performance enhancement and greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission reduction from various angles, including physicochemical properties of soil and microbial community structure. After 45 days' incubation, the pH value decreased slightly from 7.34 to 7.22 for WS biochar-treated soil, while slightly increased from 7.34 to 7.50 for RH biochar-treated soil. The lowest KCl-leachable TC concentrations of BMWS700 and RH700 was about 0.0037 mg/L. Ball-milled 500 °C and 700 °C biochars enhanced the removal rate of TC significantly. The maximum reduction of TC was from 2.17 to 0.079 mg/kg, equivalent to 96% removal after ball-milled 500 °C wheat straw biochar (BMWS500) addition, suggesting the promoting effect of biochars on microorganisms for adsorption and degradation of TC. Biochars’ addition reduced CO2 and N2O emissions, BM-biochar enlarged this effect under the pyrolysis temperature 500 °C for both feedstock types. Ball milled rice husk biochar pyrolyzed under 500 °C (BMRH500) presented the maximum inhibitory effect CO2 emission. The addition of BM-biochar changed the microbial community and diversity. The relative abundance of bacterium and fungus such as Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chlorofexi, Mortierella, and Chaetomium increased due to BM-biochar addition, which promoted the degradation of TC and gave rise to more healthy soil environment for plant or microbes. The larger specific surface area, π–π interactions, hydrophobic interaction, and hydrogen bonding are account for better adsorption and degradation of TC by BM-biochars. This work elucidated the management of organic contaminants in real soil by BM-biochar.