Moving forwards, sideways and up in the air: observations on the locomotion of semiterrestrial tadpoles (Cycloramphidae)

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-28T17:23:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2022-03-14 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Semiterrestrial tadpoles live on wet rock surfaces and have evolved independently in at least seven anuran families. They have a flat venter, laterally compressed keratinized jaws and elongated, largely finless tails. When threatened, they can jump. Here, we describe the kinematics of locomotion for semiterrestrial tadpoles of the genera Cycloramphus and Thoropa (Cycloramphidae). Forward locomotion can be accomplished solely by the upper jaw cyclically engaging and disengaging from the substrate. Undulating tail movements, in contrast, cause the tadpoles to move laterally, like sidewinding snakes, rather than forwards. Jumping is an explosive escape behaviour with an unpredictable trajectory. Jumping requires rapid elevation of the head and extension of the torso and tail. This is made possible by epaxial musculature that extends onto the cranium and movement of the tail in the sagittal plane. Tadpoles near metamorphosis extend their hindlimbs symmetrically when jumping, even when the limbs are too small to provide thrust. The rapid rostral elevation of the snout, extension of the trunk and symmetrical extension of the hindlimbs is a kinematic pattern shared with post-metamorphic frogs when they jump. This suggests that semiterrestrial tadpoles use essentially the same neural programme as that used by frogs to jump. Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biodiversidade, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Ctr Aquicultura CAUNESP, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Parana UFPR, ACF Ctr Politecn, BR-81531980 Curitiba, Parana, Brazil Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Dept Zool, BR-05508090 Sao Paulo, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Paulo, Dept Ecol & Biol Evolut, BR-09972270 Diadema, SP, Brazil Fac Med, Dept Cellular & Physiol Sci, 2350 Hlth Sci Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biodiversidade, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Ctr Aquicultura CAUNESP, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2013/50741-7 FAPESP: 2013/20420-4 FAPESP: 2015/11239-0 CNPq: 306623/2018-8 CAPES: 88887.511397/2020-00