Hospitalised versus outpatient COVID‐19 patients' background characteristics and comorbidities: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

This study aimed to systematically assess COVID‐19 patient background characteristics and pre‐existing comorbidities associated with hospitalisation status. The meta‐analysis included cross‐sectional, cohort, and case‐series studies with information on hospitalisation versus outpatient status for COVID‐19 patients, with background characteristics and pre‐existing comorbidities. A total of 1,002,006 patients from 40 studies were identified. Significantly higher odds of hospitalisation were observed in Black individuals (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.04–1.70), males (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.43–1.76), and persons with current/past smoking (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.34–1.88). Additionally, individuals with pre‐existing comorbidities were more likely to be hospitalised [asthma (OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.02–1.45), COPD (OR = 3.68, 95% CI: 2.97–4.55), congestive heart failure (OR = 6.80, 95% CI: 4.97–9.31), coronary heart disease (OR = 4.40, 95% CI: 3.15–6.16), diabetes (OR = 3.90, 95% CI: 3.29–4.63), hypertension (OR = 3.89, 95% CI: 3.34–4.54), obesity (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.59–2.46) and renal chronic disease (OR = 5.84, 95% CI: 4.51–7.56)]. High heterogeneity and low publication bias among all factors were found. Age was not included due to the large variability in the estimates reported. In this systematic review/meta‐analysis for patients with COVID‐19, Black patients, males, persons who smoke, and those with pre‐existing comorbidities were more likely to be hospitalised than their counterparts. Findings provide evidence of populations with higher odds of hospitalisation for COVID‐19.