α-Tocopherol, especially α-tocopherol phosphate, exerts antiapoptotic and angiogenic effects on rat bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells under high-glucose and hypoxia conditions

Objective Considering the poor efficacy of local intramuscular injections with endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) for critical limb ischemia in patients with diabetes, the study aimed to investigate the effect of α-tocopherol (α-T) and α-tocopherol phosphate (α-TP) on apoptosis and angiogenesis in a rat model under oxidative stress conditions. Methods Primary EPCs from Sprague-Dawley rats were harvested and treated with α-T and α-TP for 24 hours. Gene transcription and protein expression were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot, respectively. Cell apoptosis, migration, and tube formation ability were detected by flow cytometry, Transwell assay (Chemicon International, Temecula, Calif), and Matrigel-based angiogenesis assay (Corning Inc, Corning, NY). The in vivo experiments were carried out using 30 single hind limb ischemic models of diabetic rats that were treated with allogeneic EPCs. Capillary density was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. Results α-T and α-TP attenuated high glucose/hypoxia-induced cell apoptosis by promoting Bcl-2 and Akt and inhibiting nuclear factor κB p65, JNK, Notch-1, and p38MAPK genes. Furthermore, α-T and α-TP promoted the transcription and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and decreased the transcription and expression of Tie-2 and Notch-1 in EPCs under high-glucose/hypoxic conditions. Moreover, α-T and especially α-TP enhanced the migratory activity of EPCs under high-glucose/hypoxic conditions. Capillary density of ischemic hind limbs was increased on day 14 after administration of EPCs pretreated with α-T and α-TP. Conclusions α-T, especially α-TP, possesses therapeutic potential in the inhibition of apoptosis and increases the migratory capacity of EPCs under high-glucose/hypoxic conditions. It promotes angiogenesis by upregulating Bcl-2, Akt, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 and decreasing nuclear factor κB p65, p38MAPK, Notch-1, JNK, and Tie-2.