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A combined metabolomic and metagenomic approach to discriminate raw milk for the production of hard cheese
- Source :
- Foods, Volume 10, Issue 1, Foods, Vol 10, Iss 109, p 109 (2021)
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2021.
-
Abstract
- The chemical composition of milk can be significantly affected by different factors across the dairy supply chain, including primary production practices. Among the latter, the feeding system could drive the nutritional value and technological properties of milk and dairy products. Therefore, in this work, a combined foodomics approach based on both untargeted metabolomics and metagenomics was used to shed light onto the impact of feeding systems (i.e., hay vs. a mixed ration based on hay and fresh forage) on the chemical profile of raw milk for the production of hard cheese. In particular, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF) was used to investigate the chemical profile of raw milk (n = 46) collected from dairy herds located in the Po River Valley (Italy) and considering different feeding systems. Overall, a total of 3320 molecular features were putatively annotated across samples, corresponding to 734 unique compound structures, with significant differences (p &lt<br />0.05) between the two feeding regimens under investigation. Additionally, supervised multivariate statistics following metabolomics-based analysis allowed us to clearly discriminate raw milk samples according to the feeding systems, also extrapolating the most discriminant metabolites. Interestingly, 10 compounds were able to strongly explain the differences as imposed by the addition of forage in the cows&rsquo<br />diet, being mainly glycerophospholipids (i.e., lysophosphatidylethanolamines, lysophosphatidylcholines, and phosphatidylcholines), followed by 5-(3&prime<br />4&prime<br />Dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone-4&prime<br />O-glucuronide, 5a-androstan-3a,17b-diol disulfuric acid, and N-stearoyl glycine. The markers identified included both feed-derived (such as phenolic metabolites) and animal-derived compounds (such as lipids and derivatives). Finally, although characterized by a lower prediction ability, the metagenomic profile was found to be significantly correlated to some milk metabolites, with Staphylococcaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, and Dermabacteraceae establishing a higher number of significant correlations with the discriminant metabolites. Therefore, taken together, our preliminary results provide a comprehensive foodomic picture of raw milk samples from different feeding regimens, thus supporting further ad hoc studies investigating the metabolomic and metagenomic changes of milk in all processing conditions.
- Subjects :
- 0301 basic medicine
Multivariate statistics
Health (social science)
Foodomics
Forage
Plant Science
lcsh:Chemical technology
Health Professions (miscellaneous)
Microbiology
Article
03 medical and health sciences
Metabolomics
Settore AGR/13 - CHIMICA AGRARIA
lcsh:TP1-1185
Food science
Staphylococcaceae
Settore AGR/18 - NUTRIZIONE E ALIMENTAZIONE ANIMALE
biology
Secondary metabolites
0402 animal and dairy science
04 agricultural and veterinary sciences
Raw milk
biology.organism_classification
040201 dairy & animal science
Lipids
030104 developmental biology
Metagenomics
Settore AGR/16 - MICROBIOLOGIA AGRARIA
Hay
Milk quality
Feeding systems
Food Science
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Foods, Volume 10, Issue 1, Foods, Vol 10, Iss 109, p 109 (2021)
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....d7b9dc142853ed369491d8e75d590e86