A basal contribution from p-modes to the Alfvénic wave flux in the Sun’s corona

Many cool stars possess complex magnetic fields [1] that are considered to undertake a central role in the structuring and energising of their atmospheres [2]. Alfv\'enic waves are thought to make a critical contribution to energy transfer along these magnetic fields, with the potential to heat plasma and accelerate stellar winds [3] [4] [5]. Despite Alfv\'enic waves having been identified in the Sun's atmosphere, the nature of the basal wave energy flux is poorly understood. It is generally assumed that the associated Poynting flux is generated solely in the photosphere and propagates into the corona, typically through the continuous buffeting of magnetic fields by turbulent convective cells [4] [6] [7]. Here we provide evidence that the Sun's internal acoustic modes also contribute to the basal flux of Alfv\'enic waves, delivering a spatially ubiquitous input to the coronal energy balance that is sustained over the solar cycle. Alfv\'enic waves are thus a fundamental feature of the Sun's corona. Acknowledging that internal acoustic modes have a key role in injecting additional Poynting flux into the upper atmospheres of Sun-like stars has potentially significant consequences for the modelling of stellar coronae and winds.
Comment: 22 pages, 4 figures