Smoking cessation interventions for ethnic minority groups—A systematic review of adapted interventions

Objective Existing smoking cessation interventions tend to be under utilized by ethnic minority groups. We sought to identify smoking cessation interventions that have been adapted to meet the needs of African-, Chinese- and South Asian-origin populations, to increase understanding of the approaches used to promote behavior change, to assess their acceptability to the target populations, and to evaluate their effectiveness. Methods Two reviewers independently searched for, identified, critically appraised and extracted data from studies identified from 11 databases (January 1950–April 2013). Study quality was assessed using validated instruments (EPHPP and STROBE). Adaptations were independently coded using an established typology, and findings descriptively summarized and thematically synthesized. Results 23 studies described interventions adapted for African-Americans, and five for Chinese-origin populations. No intervention adapted for South-Asian populations was identified. Six studies directly compared a culturally adapted versus a non-adapted intervention. Adapted interventions were more acceptable to ethnic minority groups, but this did not translate into improvements in smoking cessation outcomes. Conclusions Given the evidence of greater acceptability of adapted interventions, it may be ethically preferable to use these. There is, however, no clear evidence of the effectiveness of adapted interventions in promoting smoking cessation in ethnic minority groups.