Fight or Flight? Alternative Defense of the Pea Aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum on Different Host Plants

Simple Summary In the event of a pathogen attack, fecundity compensation and production of winged offspring are critical in pea aphids. However, little is known about the effects of the host plant on these responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of host plant on these two alternative defenses in pea aphids. We took a single adult female from a pink colony of pea aphids that was originally from broad beans and allowed her to reproduce offspring in the laboratory. Some offspring were fed broad beans, while others were fed alfalfa for over 30 generations. We first investigated the backgrounds of their facultative symbionts before infecting them with pathogens and found that the composition of secondary symbionts in our aphid colony was not affected by the host plants. Broad bean reared pea aphids produced more offspring in infected and uninfected conditions, whereas alfalfa reared pea aphids produced more winged offspring when confronting challenges caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Beauveria bassiana. Our findings showed that the host plant influences the pea aphid’s alternative responses to mortality risks. Abstract Non-immunological responses are important alternative strategies for animals to deal with pathogens. It has long been recognized that fecundity compensation and production of winged offspring are two common non-immunological responses used by aphids when confronted with predators or pathogens. However, the effects of host plant on these responses have received little attention. This study investigated the effects of host plant on non-immunological defense in the pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum, after bacterial and fungal infections. The aphids were raised in two groups, with one group being raised on broad beans and the other group being raised on alfalfa. The secondary symbiont background was examined, and the aphids were then infected with bacteria and fungus to assess fecundity and winged offspring production. We found that aphids that had been fed alfalfa had fewer offspring than those fed broad beans. Alfalfa-fed aphids produced more winged offspring in response to S. aureus and B. bassiana infections. Our findings suggest that the host plant plays a key role in fecundity and winged offspring production in pea aphid colony.