Chemoattraction of Macrophages, T Lymphocytes, and Mast Cells Is Evolutionarily Conserved within the Human α-Defensin Family

Human defensins are natural peptide antibiotics. On the basis of the position and bonding of six conserved cysteine residues, they are divided into two families, designated α- and β-defensins. Human α-defensins are expressed predominantly in neutrophils (human neutrophil peptides (HNP) 1–4) or intestinal Paneth cells (human defensins (HD) 5 and 6). Although α-defensins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease, their immunomodulatory functions are poorly understood. In the present study, HNP-1, HNP-3, and HD5 were found to be potent chemotaxins for macrophages but not dendritic cells using Gαi proteins and MAPK as signal transducers. α-Defensins were also chemoattractive for the human mast cell line HMC-1 but lacked, in contrast to β-defensins, the ability to induce intracellular calcium fluxes. Furthermore, HNP-1, HNP-3, and HD5 comparably mobilized naive as well as memory T lymphocytes. Using the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors GF109 and Gö6976, we observed a PKC-independent functional desensitization to occur between human α-defensins, which suggests a common receptor for HNP-1, HNP-3, and HD5 on immune cells. This α-defensin receptor was subject to heterologous desensitization by the PKC activator PMA and to PKC-dependent cross-desensitization by human β-defensins. Conversely, α-defensins desensitized β-defensin-mediated migration of immune cells in a PKC-dependent manner, suggesting unique receptors for both defensin families. Taken together, our observations indicate that chemoattraction of macrophages, T lymphocytes, and mast cells represents an immunomodulatory function which is evolutionarily conserved within the human α-defensin family and tightly regulated by β-defensins.