Ribosome display and selection of single‐chain variable fragments effectively inhibit growth and progression of microspheres in vitro and in vivo

Distinguishing the surface markers of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is a useful method for early diagnosis and treatment of tumors, as CSCs may participate in tumorigenesis and metastasis by migrating into the circulatory system. However, the potential targets of CSCs are expressed at low levels in the natural state and are always changing. Thus, dynamic screening has been reported to be an effective measure for exploring CSC markers. In recent years, diverse single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) have been widely used in immunotherapy. In this study, we determined that the scFvs, screened using RD, had a high affinity to microspheres and could inhibit their progression. We also observed that the selected scFvs underwent evolution in vitro, and antitumor-associated proteins were successfully expressed. Combined with chemotherapy, the scFvs had a synergistic effect on the inhibition of the microspheres' progression in vitro and in vivo, which could be ascribed to their high affinity for stem-like cells and the inhibition of the microspheres' collective behaviors. In addition, proteins inhibiting CD44+ /CD24+ and MAPK were involved. Our data indicated that dynamic screening of the scFvs in a natural state was of great significance in the inhibition of the microspheres in vitro and in vivo.