A de novo variant in OTX2 in a lamb with otocephaly

BackgroundOtocephaly is a rare lethal malformation of the first branchial arch. While the knowledge on the causes of otocephaly in animals is limited, different syndromic forms in man are associated with variants of thePRRX1andOTX2genes.Case presentationA stillborn male lamb of the Istrian Pramenka sheep breed showed several congenital craniofacial anomalies including microstomia, agnathia, aglossia, and synotia. In addition, the lamb had a cleft palate, a small opening in the ventral neck region, a cystic oesophagus and two hepatic cysts. The brain was normally developed despite the deformed shape of the head. Taken together the findings led to a diagnosis of otocephaly. Whole-genome sequencing was performed from DNA of the affected lamb and both parents revealing a heterozygous single nucleotide variant in theOTX2gene (Chr7: 71478714G > A). The variant was absent in both parents and therefore due to a de novo mutation event. It was a nonsense variant, XM_015097088.2:c.265C > T; which leads to an early premature stop codon and is predicted to truncate more than 70% of theOTX2open reading frame (p.Arg89*).ConclusionsThe genetic findings were consistent with the diagnosis of the otocephaly and provide strong evidence that the identified loss-of-function variant is pathogenic due toOTX2haploinsufficiency. The benefits of trio-based whole-genome sequencing as an emerging tool in veterinary pathology to confirm diagnosis are highlighted.