Impact of beta‐blocker use on the long‐term outcomes of heart failure patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Aims The number of patients with both chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure (HF) is increasing in Asia, and these conditions often coexist. We previously revealed a tendency of beta‐blocker underuse among patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and COPD in Asian countries other than Japan. Here, we evaluated the impact of cardio‐selective beta‐blocker use on the long‐term outcomes of patients with HF and COPD. Methods and results Among the 5232 patients with HFrEF (left ventricular ejection fraction of