QSAR, molecular docking studies, ligand-based design and pharmacokinetic analysis on Maternal Embryonic Leucine Zipper Kinase (MELK) inhibitors as potential anti-triple-negative breast cancer (MDA-MB-231 cell line) drug compounds

Background Cancer of the breast is known to be among the top spreading diseases on the globe. Triple-negative breast cancer is painstaking the most destructive type of mammary tumor because it spreads faster to other parts of the body, with high chances of early relapse and mortality. This research would aim at utilizing computational methods like quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR), performing molecular docking studies and again to further design new effective molecules using the QSAR model parameters and to analyze the pharmacokinetics “drug-likeliness” properties of the new compounds before they could proceed to pre-clinical trials. Results The QSAR model of the derivatives was highly robust as it also conforms to the least minimum requirement for QSAR model from the statistical assessments of (R2) = 0.6715, (R2adj) = 0.61920, (Q2) = 0.5460 and (R2pred) of 0.5304, and the model parameters (AATS6i and VR1_Dze) were used in designing new derivative compounds with higher potency. The molecular docking studies between the derivative compounds and Maternal Embryonic Leucine Zipper Kinase (MELK) protein target revealed that ligand 2, 9 and 17 had the highest binding affinities of − 9.3, − 9.3 and − 8.9 kcal/mol which was found to be higher than the standard drug adriamycin with − 7.8 kcal/mol. The pharmacokinetics analysis carried out on the newly designed compounds revealed that all the compounds passed the drug-likeness test and also the Lipinski rule of five. Conclusions The results obtained from the QSAR mathematical model of parthenolide derivatives were used in designing new derivatives compounds that were more effective and potent. The molecular docking result of parthenolide derivatives showed that compounds 2, 9 and 17 had higher docking scores than the standard drug adriamycin. The compounds would serve as the most promising inhibitors (MELK). Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics analysis carried out on the newly designed compounds revealed that all the compounds passed the drug-likeness test (ADME and other physicochemical properties) and they also adhered to the Lipinski rule of five. This gives a great breakthrough in medicine in finding the cure to triple-negative breast cancer (MBA-MD-231 cell line).