B cell engagement with HIV-1 founder virus envelope predicts development of broadly neutralizing antibodies

Summary Determining which immunological mechanisms contribute to the development of broad neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) during HIV-1 infection is a major goal to inform vaccine design. Using samples from a longitudinal HIV-1 acute infection cohort, we found key B cell determinants within the first 14–43 days of viremia that predict the development of bNAbs years later. Individuals who develop neutralization breadth had significantly higher B cell engagement with the autologous founder HIV envelope (Env) within 1 month of initial viremia. A higher frequency of founder-Env-specific naive B cells was associated with increased B cell activation and differentiation and predictive of bNAb development. These data demonstrate that the initial B cell interaction with the founder HIV Env is important for the development of broadly neutralizing antibodies and provide evidence that events within HIV acute infection lead to downstream functional outcomes.