The SPARC water vapor assessment II: Assessment of satellite measurements of upper tropospheric water vapor

Nineteen limb viewing (occultation and passive thermal) and two nadir humidity data sets are intercompared and also compared to frostpoint hygrometer balloon sondes. The upper troposphere considered here covers the pressure range from 300–100 hPa. Water vapor in this region is a challenging measurement because concentrations vary between 2–1000 parts per million volume with sharp changes in vertical gradients near the tropopause. The atmospheric temperature is also highly variable ranging from 180–250 K. The assessment of satellite measured humidity is based on coincident comparisons with frostpoint hygrometer sondes, multi month mapped comparisons, zonal mean time series comparisons and coincident satellite to satellite comparisons. While the satellite fields show similar features in maps and time series, quantitatively, they can differ by a factor of two in concentration, with strong dependencies on the amount of H2O. Additionally, time-lag response corrected Vaisala-RS92 radiosondes are compared to satellites and the frostpoint hygrometer measurements. In summary, most satellite data sets reviewed here show on average ~30 % agreement amongst themselves and frostpoint data but with an additional ~30 % variability about the mean. The Vaisala-RS92 sonde even with a time-lag correction shows poor behavior for pressure less than 200 hPa.