Sulfur Treatment Passivates Bulk Defects in Sb 2 Se 3 Photocathodes for Water Splitting

Sb2Se3 has emerged as an important photoelectrochemical PEC and photovoltaic PV material due to its rapid rise in photoconversion efficiencies. However, Sb2Se3 has a complex defect chemistry, which reduces the maximum photovoltage. Thus, it is important to understand these defects and develop defect passivation strategies in Sb2Se3. A comprehensive investigation of the charge carrier dynamics of Sb2Se3 and the influence of sulfur treatment on its optoelectronic properties is performed using time resolved microwave conductivity TRMC , photoluminescence PL spectroscopy, and low frequency Raman spectroscopy LFR . The key finding in this work is that upon sulfur treatment of Sb2Se3, the carrier lifetime is increased by the passivation of deep defects in Sb2Se3 in both the surface region and the bulk, which is evidenced by increased charge carrier lifetime of TRMC decay dynamics, increased radiative recombination efficiency, decreased deep defect level emission PL , and the emergence of new vibration modes by LFR