High resolution imaging of soft alginate hydrogels by atomic force microscopy

This work explores the largely unknown surface microstructure and elastic modulus of soft calcium-alginate hydrogels (E = 100–4500 Pa) in their hydrated state by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in quantitative imaging mode. Alginate concentration largely influenced the surface topography with surface roughness measured to be 101 ± 6 nm and 57 ± 1 nm for 0.5 and 2.0% (w/v) alginate, respectively. The calculated range of pore sizes increased with decreasing alginate concentration, from radius smaller than 360 nm, 570 nm and 1230 nm for 2.0%, 1.0% and 0.5% alginate, respectively. Small changes in calcium concentration (20 to 25 mM, 1.5% alginate) did not induce changes in surface microstructure, although it increased the elastic modulus mean values and distribution. Introducing oxidized or peptide-grafted alginate in the gels resulted in rougher surfaces, larger pore sizes and lower elasticity than the respective hydrogels with no modified alginate.