Dioxins and furans in the atmosphere of São Paulo City, Brazil

Air samples were collected simultaneously at three urban sites in Sao Paulo City, Brazil, in winter, spring, summer and fall (in 2000 and 2001). Andersen PUF samplers were used for gas and particles sequential sampling. Samples were analyzed using HRGC/HRMS according to US EPA Method 8290. The greater metropolitan area of Sao Paulo is the largest industrialized region of Latin America and has a highly polluted atmosphere. Concentrations of dioxins and furans, which are well-known toxic chemicals, ranged from 1.14 pg m 3 to 13.8 pg m 3 (0.047 pg I-TEQ m 3 to 0.751 pg I-TEQ m 3 ). Principal component analysis showed that all the variables are highly correlated with one another except the 2,3,7,8-TCDD one. This is consistent with the similar concentration profiles observed for the tetra, penta, hexa, hepta and octa-homologous groups of the three sampling sites studied. At all sites, the most abundant compounds were the hepta and octa congeners. The 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF accounted for 37-46% of the total toxicity and the 2,3,7,8- TCDD accounted for 7-16%. Highest mass concentrations of PCDD/Fs were found in the site where there is influence of industrial activities and heavy vehicular traffic fueled by gasohol, diesel, and ethanol. � 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd.