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Racial Disparities and Preventive Measures to Renal Cell Carcinoma
- Source :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 15, Iss 6, p 1089 (2018)
- Publication Year :
- 2018
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2018.
-
Abstract
- Kidney cancer ranks among the top 10 cancers in the United States. Although it affects both male and female populations, it is more common in males. The prevalence rate of renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which represents about 85% of kidney cancers, has been increasing gradually in many developed countries. Family history has been considered as one of the most relevant risk factors for kidney cancer, although most forms of an inherited predisposition for RCC only account for less than four percent. Lifestyle and other factors such as occupational exposure, high blood pressure, poor diet, and heavy cigarette smoking are highly associated with its incidence and mortality rates. In the United States, White populations have the lowest prevalence of RCC compared to other ethnic groups, while Black Americans suffer disproportionally from the adverse effects of RCC. Hence, this review article aims at identifying the major risk factors associated with RCC and highlighting the new therapeutic approaches for its control/prevention. To achieve this specific aim, articles in peer-reviewed journals with a primary focus on risk factors related to kidney cancer and on strategies to reduce RCC were identified. The review was systematically conducted by searching the databases of MEDLINE, PUBMED Central, and Google Scholar libraries for original articles. From the search, we found that the incidence and mortality rates of RCC are strongly associated with four main risk factors, including family history (genetics), lifestyle (poor diet, cigarette smoking, excess alcohol drinking), environment (community where people live), and occupation (place where people work). In addition, unequal access to improvement in RCC cancer treatment, limited access to screening and diagnosis, and limited access to kidney transplant significantly contribute to the difference observed in survival rate between African Americans and Caucasians. There is also scientific evidence suggesting that some physicians contribute to racial disparities when performing kidney transplant among minority populations. New therapeutic measures should be taken to prevent or reduce RCC, especially among African Americans, the most vulnerable population group.
- Subjects :
- Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
030232 urology & nephrology
Prevalence
Ethnic group
lcsh:Medicine
White
Review
White People
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
prevention
Risk Factors
Humans
Medicine
Family history
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
Survival rate
Minority Groups
business.industry
Incidence
Mortality rate
Incidence (epidemiology)
lcsh:R
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Health Status Disparities
medicine.disease
mortality
Renal cell carcinoma
Kidney Neoplasms
United States
3. Good health
Black or African American
Black
030220 oncology & carcinogenesis
business
Developed country
Kidney cancer
Demography
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 16604601
- Volume :
- 15
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....bfd892c98f78f58a8058abbbd070af5c