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Assessment of Urinary Lead (Pb) and Essential Trace Elements in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Case-Control Study Among Preschool Children in Malaysia
- Source :
- Biological Trace Element Research
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- Springer US, 2021.
-
Abstract
- Lead (Pb) is a heavy metal which is abundant in the environment and known to cause neurotoxicity in children even at minute concentration. However, the trace elements calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) are essential to children due to its protective effect on neurodevelopment. The primary objective of this study was to assess the role of Pb and trace elements in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among preschool children. A total of 81 ASD children and 74 typically developed (TD) children aged between 3 and 6 years participated in the study. Self-administered online questionnaires were completed by the parents. A first-morning urine sample was collected in a sterile polyethene urine container and assayed for Pb, Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Comparisons between groups revealed that the urinary Pb, Mg, Zn and Fe levels in ASD children were significantly lower than TD children. The odds of ASD reduced significantly by 5.0% and 23.0% with an increment of every 1.0 μg/dL urinary Zn and Fe, respectively. Post interaction analysis showed that the odds of ASD reduced significantly by 11.0% and 0.1% with an increment of every 1.0 μg/dL urinary Zn and Pb, respectively. A significantly lower urinary Pb level in ASD children than TD children may be due to their poor detoxifying mechanism. Also, the significantly lower urinary Zn and Fe levels in ASD children may augment the neurotoxic effect of Pb.
- Subjects :
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
Urinary system
Autism
Clinical Biochemistry
Physiology
Urine
010501 environmental sciences
01 natural sciences
Biochemistry
Article
Inorganic Chemistry
03 medical and health sciences
0302 clinical medicine
mental disorders
medicine
Humans
Urinary
Lead (electronics)
Child
Children
Pb
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Trace elements
business.industry
Biochemistry (medical)
Case-control study
Malaysia
General Medicine
medicine.disease
Lead
Autism spectrum disorder
Case-Control Studies
Child, Preschool
Neurotoxic effect
Urine sample
business
030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 15590720 and 01634984
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Biological Trace Element Research
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....be160870bdf12d91f2628510d1261aac