Epidemiology of fasciolosis affecting Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) in southern Spain

Between 1995 and 2006, we surveyed the presence of Fasciola hepatica in Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) from Andalucía (southern Spain) by both necropsy (n = 2,096) and coprological approaches (n = 380). Most of the samples came from the Sierra Nevada mountain range (n = 1,884 and 267, respectively), and all positive cases involved animals from this location. The prevalence reached 0.53% by necropsy and 1.87% by faecal examination. Taking into account both diagnostic methodologies and the total number of animals affected (n = 14), we obtained a yearly prevalence of 0.7 +/- 0.3%. The infection with F. hepatica was found not to be related to host sex, climatology or to co-infection with Sarcoptes scabiei (the most important parasite affecting Iberian ibex, with a prevalence of 49.27 +/- 7.90% in the examined animals). The prevalence of fasciolosis decreased significantly during the period under study and this would be explained by an increase of ibex resistance to this fluke as a result of a reduction of the parasite abundance in the area and/or a reduction of the host infection rate. There was no statistical difference between the two diagnostic methods for the examination of fasciolosis during the period in which both methods were used. Therefore, examination of faecal samples as a non-invasive procedure may provide a useful approach for monitoring fasciolosis in wild ungulate populations. The results of the present study provided foundation for the effective control of F. hepatica infection in Iberian ibex.