Horizontal transfer and finalization of a reliable detection method for the olive fruit fly endosymbiont,CandidatusErwinia dacicolax

BackgroundThe olive fly,Bactrocera oleae,is the most important insect pest in olive production, causing economic damage to olive crops worldwide. In addition to extensive research onB. oleaecontrol methods, scientists have devoted much effort in the last century to understanding olive fly endosymbiosis with a bacterium eventually identified asCandidatusErwinia dacicola. This bacterium plays a relevant role in olive fly fitness. It is vertically transmitted, and it benefits both larvae and adults in wild populations; however, the endosymbiont is not present in lab colonies, probably due to the antibiotics and preservatives required for the preparation of artificial diets. Endosymbiont transfer from wildB. oleaepopulations to laboratory-reared ones allows olive fly mass-rearing, thus producing more competitive flies for future Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) applications.ResultsWe tested the hypothesis thatCa. E. dacicola might be transmitted from wild, naturally symbiotic adults to laboratory-reared flies. Several trials have been performed with different contamination sources ofCa. E. dacicola, such as ripe olives and gelled water contaminated by wild flies, wax domes containing eggs laid by wild females, cages dirtied by faeces dropped by wild flies and matings between lab and wild adults. PCR-DGGE, performed with the primer set 63F-GC/518R, demonstrated that the transfer of the endosymbiont from wild flies to lab-reared ones occurred only in the case of cohabitation.ConclusionsCohabitation of symbiotic wild flies and non-symbiotic lab flies allows the transfer ofCa. E. dacicola through adults. Moreover, PCR-DGGE performed with the primer set 63F-GC/518R was shown to be a consistent method for screeningCa. E. dacicola, also showing the potential to distinguish between the two haplotypes (htA and htB). This study represents the first successful attempt at horizontal transfer ofCa. E. dacicola and the first step in acquiring a better understanding of the endosymbiont physiology and its relationship with the olive fly. Our research also represents a starting point for the development of a laboratory symbiotic olive fly colony, improving perspectives for future applications of the Sterile Insect Technique.