Multiple muscular ventricular septal defects: use of fluorescein dye to identify residual defects

Multiple muscular ventricular septal defects remain a challenge for the congenital heart surgeon. The optimal strategy for an infant or neonate with multiple muscular ventricular septal defects is still unclear. Perioperative identification and secure closure of these defects pose significant difficulties. We describe a novel technique of using fluorescein dye to identify small muscular ventricular septal defects.