Mechanisms of Contact Sensitization Offer Insights into the Role of Barrier Defects vs. Intrinsic Immune Abnormalities as Drivers of Atopic Dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by wet, oozing, erythematous, pruritic lesions in the acute stage and xerotic, lichenified plaques in the chronic stage. It frequently coexists with asthma and allergic rhinitis, sharing some mechanistic features with these diseases as part of the "atopic march." Controversy exists as to whether immune abnormalities, epidermal barrier defects, or both are the primary factors responsible for disease pathogenesis. In AD patients, there is often a coexisting irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) or allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) that is sometimes clinically difficult to distinguish from AD. ACD shares molecular mechanisms with AD, including increased cellular infiltrates and cytokine activation (Gittler et al., 2013). In this issue, Newell et al. (2013) used an experimental contact sensitization model with dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to gain insight into the unique immune phenotype of AD patients.