Micro and Nanobubble Based Strategy for Gas-Liquid-Solid Multiphase Reactions: Palladium-Catalysed Hydrogenation of Carbon-Carbon Unsaturated Bonds

An autoclave-free, gas–liquid–solid multiphase hydrogenation of carbon–carbon unsaturated bonds using hydrogen micro and nanobubbles (MNBs) is developed. The process allows the liquid phase of the reaction mixture to maintain a high concentration of hydrogen gas.