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Risk associated with spatio-temporal variations in trace metals and a metalloid in a major freshwater reservoir of Pakistan
- Publication Year :
- 2020
- Publisher :
- Taylor & Francis, 2020.
-
Abstract
- Keenjhar Lake in Pakistan provides several ecosystems services including drinking water to millions of people. The seasonal variation (pre-, during, and post-monsoon) in Keenjhar Lake water quality was investigated during nine sampling rounds at ten locations. Water samples (n = 270) were analyzed for As, Cd, Cr(III), Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, and Pb using atomic absorption spectrophotometry, Cr(VI) with a UV spectrophotometer, and water quality parameters (solids, oxygen, conductivity, and pH). Several elements exceeded WHO or Pakistan safe limits for unrestricted use including As (0.038 mg·L−1, 95th upper confidence limit), Cr(III) (0.15 mg·L−1), Cd (0.11 mg·L−1), Fe (0.42 mg·L−1), Ni (0.037 mg·L−1), and Pb (0.04 mg·L−1). Monsoon levels of chromium, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Pb were higher than other seasons, while As was highest during post-monsoon, and Ni was highest during pre and post-monsoon. There were significant spatial differences in metals concentrations in the lake. As, Cu, and Fe significantly declined in concentration with distance from the lake inlet. Using the lake as a source of drinking water presented unacceptable carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic hazards. This study suggests measures should be taken to limit discharge of pollution to the lake and future monitoring should consider seasonal monsoon effects on lake quality.
- Subjects :
- 021110 strategic, defence & security studies
Health risk assessment
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis
Ecological Modeling
0211 other engineering and technologies
Heavy metals
02 engineering and technology
Seasonality
medicine.disease
Pollution
Lake water
Ecosystem services
Trace (semiology)
Water reservoir
parasitic diseases
medicine
Environmental science
Metalloid
Water resource management
Subjects
Details
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....ba3454e683148d1bcfba033eb757ab13
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.11876877