Non-equilibrium thermal transport and vacuum expansion in the Hubbard model

One of the most straightforward ways to study thermal properties beyond linear response is to monitor the relaxation of an arbitrarily large left-right temperature gradient ${T}_{L}\ensuremath{-}{T}_{R}$. In one-dimensional systems which support ballistic thermal transport, the local energy currents $\ensuremath{\langle}j(t)\ensuremath{\rangle}$ acquire a nonzero value at long times, and it was recently investigated whether or not this steady state fulfills a simple additive relation $\ensuremath{\langle}j(t\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty})\ensuremath{\rangle}=f({T}_{L})\ensuremath{-}f({T}_{R})$ in integrable models. In this paper, we probe the nonequilibrium dynamics of the Hubbard chain using density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) numerics. We show that the above form provides an effective description of thermal transport in this model; violations are below the finite-time accuracy of the DMRG. As a second setup, we study how an initially equilibrated system radiates into different nonthermal states (such as the vacuum).