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Long working hours, socioeconomic status, and the risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of published and unpublished data from 222 120 individuals
- Source :
- The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Publication Year :
- 2015
- Publisher :
- Elsevier BV, 2015.
-
Abstract
- Summary Background Working long hours might have adverse health effects, but whether this is true for all socioeconomic status groups is unclear. In this meta-analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, we investigated the role of long working hours as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Methods We identified four published studies through a systematic literature search of PubMed and Embase up to April 30, 2014. Study inclusion criteria were English-language publication; prospective design (cohort study); investigation of the effect of working hours or overtime work; incident diabetes as an outcome; and relative risks, odds ratios, or hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs, or sufficient information to calculate these estimates. Additionally, we used unpublished individual-level data from 19 cohort studies from the Individual-Participant-Data Meta-analysis in Working-Populations Consortium and international open-access data archives. Effect estimates from published and unpublished data from 222 120 men and women from the USA, Europe, Japan, and Australia were pooled with random-effects meta-analysis. Findings During 1·7 million person-years at risk, 4963 individuals developed diabetes (incidence 29 per 10 000 person-years). The minimally adjusted summary risk ratio for long (≥55 h per week) compared with standard working hours (35–40 h) was 1·07 (95% CI 0·89–1·27, difference in incidence three cases per 10 000 person-years) with significant heterogeneity in study-specific estimates ( I 2 =53%, p=0·0016). In an analysis stratified by socioeconomic status, the association between long working hours and diabetes was evident in the low socioeconomic status group (risk ratio 1·29, 95% CI 1·06–1·57, difference in incidence 13 per 10 000 person-years, I 2 =0%, p=0·4662), but was null in the high socioeconomic status group (1·00, 95% CI 0·80–1·25, incidence difference zero per 10 000 person-years, I 2 =15%, p=0·2464). The association in the low socioeconomic status group was robust to adjustment for age, sex, obesity, and physical activity, and remained after exclusion of shift workers. Interpretation In this meta-analysis, the link between longer working hours and type 2 diabetes was apparent only in individuals in the low socioeconomic status groups. Funding Medical Research Council, European Union New and Emerging Risks in Occupational Safety and Health research programme, Finnish Work Environment Fund, Swedish Research Council for Working Life and Social Research, German Social Accident Insurance, Danish National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Academy of Finland, Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment (Netherlands), Economic and Social Research Council, US National Institutes of Health, and British Heart Foundation.
- Subjects :
- Gerontology
Male
STRESS
Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism
COPENHAGEN PSYCHOSOCIAL QUESTIONNAIRE
SWEDISH MEN
Occupational safety and health
0302 clinical medicine
Endocrinology
Risk Factors
Work Schedule Tolerance
Medicine
030212 general & internal medicine
media_common
Incidence
WOMEN
Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Articles
Middle Aged
3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health
3. Good health
JOB STRAIN
Endokrinologi och diabetes
Female
Cohort study
Adult
515 Psychology
030209 endocrinology & metabolism
Endocrinology and Diabetes
METABOLISM
Social class
03 medical and health sciences
Internal Medicine
media_common.cataloged_instance
Humans
CORONARY-HEART-DISEASE
European union
Risk factor
Socioeconomic status
business.industry
Odds ratio
SLEEP
Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Social Class
HEALTH INEQUALITIES
Relative risk
COHORT PROFILE
business
Demography
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 22138587
- Volume :
- 3
- Issue :
- 1
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....b9aedcf6ca1bacbe27b656db7b4051a8
- Full Text :
- https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70178-0