A prospective randomized evaluation of biphasic versus monophasic waveform pulses on defibrillation efficacy in humans

Biphasic waveforms have been suggested as a superior waveform for ventricular defibrillation. To test this premise, a prospective randomized intraoperative evaluation of defibrillation efficacy of monophasic and biphasic waveform pulses was performed in 22 survivors of out of hospital ventricular fibrillation who were undergoing cardiac surgery for implantation of an automatic defibrillator.The initial waveform used in a patient for defibrillation testing, either monophasic or biphasic, was randomly selected. Subsequently, each patient served as his or her own control for defibrillation testing of the other waveform. The defibrillation threshold was defined as the lowest pulse amplitude that would effectively terminate ventricular fibrillation with a single discharge delivered 10 s after initiation of an episode of ventricular fibrillation induced with alternating current. Each defibrillation pulse was recorded oscilloscopically, and defibrillation pulse voltage, current, resistance and stored energy were measured.Fifteen (68%) of the 22 patients had a lower defibrillation threshold with the biphasic pulse, 3 (14%) had a lower threshold with the monophasic pulse and 4 (18%) had equal defibrillation thresholds (within 1.0 J) regardless of waveform. The mean leading edge defibrillation threshold voltage was 317 ± 105 V when the monophasic pulse was used and 267 ± 102 V (16% less) when the biphasic pulse was used (p = 0.008). Mean leading edge defibrillation threshold current was 7.9 ± 3.7 A when the monophasic pulse was used and 6.8 ± 3.8 A (14% less) when the biphasic pulse was used (p = 0.051). There were no differences in system resistance with the two waveforms: the leading edge resistance for the monophasic pulse was 45.3 ± 17.5 and 44.1 ± 14.4 ω for the biphasic pulse (p = 0.183). The stored energy defibrillation threshold was 8.5 ± 6.1 J when the monophasic pulse was used and 6.3 ± 5.2 J (26% less) when the biphasic pulse was used (p = 0.028). These findings show that in the majority of patients, biphasic pulse defibrillation is more efficient than monophasic pulse defibrillation.