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Fine Particle Emissions from Sauna Stoves: Effects of Combustion Appliance and Fuel, and Implications for the Finnish Emission Inventory
- Source :
- Atmosphere, Volume 10, Issue 12
- Publication Year :
- 2019
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2019.
-
Abstract
- Sauna Stoves (SS) are simple wood combustion appliances used mainly in Nordic countries. They generate emissions that have an impact on air quality and climate. In this study, a new measurement concept for comparing the operation, thermal efficiency, and real-life fine particle and gaseous emissions of SS was utilized. In addition, a novel, simple, and universal emission calculation procedure for the determination of nominal emission factors was developed for which the equations are presented for the first time. Fine particle and gaseous concentrations from 10 different types of SS were investigated. It was found that each SS model was an individual in relation to stove performance: stove heating time, air-to-fuel ratio, thermal efficiency, and emissions. Nine-fold differences in fine particle mass (PM1) concentrations, and about 90-fold differences in concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were found between the SS, when dry (11% moisture content) birch wood was used. By using moist (18%) wood, particle number and carbon monoxide concentrations increased, but interestingly, PM1, PAH, and black carbon (BC) concentrations clearly decreased, when comparing to dry wood. E.g., PAH concentrations were 5.5&ndash<br />9.6 times higher with dry wood than with moist wood. Between wood species, 2&ndash<br />3-fold maximum differences in the emissions were found, whereas about 1.5-fold differences were observed between bark-containing and debarked wood logs. On average, the emissions measured in this study were considerably lower than in previous studies and emission inventories. This suggests that overall the designs of sauna stoves available on the market have improved during the 2010s. The findings of this study were used to update the calculation scheme behind the inventories, causing the estimates for total PM emissions from SS in Finland to decrease. However, wood-fired sauna stoves are still estimated to be the highest individual emission source of fine particles and black carbon in Finland.
- Subjects :
- PAH-yhdisteet
saunat
sauna
Atmospheric Science
Thermal efficiency
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences
Particle number
päästökartoitus
residential wood combustion
pienhiukkaset
010501 environmental sciences
Environmental Science (miscellaneous)
Combustion
stove
fine particles
01 natural sciences
poltto
polttaminen
Emission inventory
Water content
Air quality index
0105 earth and related environmental sciences
palaminen
emission inventory
emissions
PAH
Carbon black
kiukaat
Pulp and paper industry
päästöselvitys
Stove
Environmental science
päästöt
päästöinventaario
puu (luonnonmateriaalit)
Subjects
Details
- ISSN :
- 20734433
- Volume :
- 10
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- Atmosphere
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....b710a41912f49db0810f68f12fb81c61