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Hijacked Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment: Molecular Mechanisms of Immunosuppression and Cues to Improve T Cell-Based Immunotherapy of Solid Tumors
- Source :
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 5736, p 5736 (2021), International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- MDPI AG, 2021.
-
Abstract
- The understanding of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has been expanding in recent years in the context of interactions among different cell types, through direct cell–cell communication as well as through soluble factors. It has become evident that the development of a successful antitumor response depends on several TME factors. In this context, the number, type, and subsets of immune cells, as well as the functionality, memory, and exhaustion state of leukocytes are key factors of the TME. Both the presence and functionality of immune cells, in particular T cells, are regulated by cellular and soluble factors of the TME. In this regard, one fundamental reason for failure of antitumor responses is hijacked immune cells, which contribute to the immunosuppressive TME in multiple ways. Specifically, reactive oxygen species (ROS), metabolites, and anti-inflammatory cytokines have central roles in generating an immunosuppressive TME. In this review, we focused on recent developments in the immune cell constituents of the TME, and the micromilieu control of antitumor responses. Furthermore, we highlighted the current challenges of T cell-based immunotherapies and potential future strategies to consider for strengthening their effectiveness.
- Subjects :
- Cell type
QH301-705.5
T-Lymphocytes
medicine.medical_treatment
T cell
Cell
Context (language use)
Review
Biology
Catalysis
Immunomodulation
Inorganic Chemistry
Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating
Immune system
Cancer immunotherapy
T-Lymphocyte Subsets
Neoplasms
Tumor-Associated Macrophages
Tumor Microenvironment
medicine
Animals
Humans
Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Biology (General)
TILs
Immunologic Surveillance
Molecular Biology
QD1-999
Spectroscopy
Tumor microenvironment
CAR T cells
immunosuppression
cancer immunotherapy
Organic Chemistry
TME
ROS
General Medicine
Immunotherapy
Computer Science Applications
Chemistry
Treatment Outcome
medicine.anatomical_structure
Neutrophil Infiltration
Cancer research
Tumor Escape
sense organs
Reactive Oxygen Species
Biomarkers
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- ISSN :
- 16616596 and 14220067
- Volume :
- 22
- Issue :
- 5736
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....b27d8595a6e89a59f42e6a582e011440