Effects of simultaneous arsenic and iron toxicities on rice (Oryza sativa L.) development, yield-related parameters and As and Fe accumulation in relation to As speciation in the grains

Background and aim In numerous areas, rice cultivated under flooded conditions is exposed simultaneously to iron excess and arsenic contamination. The impact of these combined stresses on yield-related parameters and As distribution and speciation in various plant parts remains poorly documented. Methods Rice (cv I Kong Pao) was exposed to iron excess (125 mgL−1 Fe2SO4), arsenic (50 and 100 μM Na2HAsO4.7H2O) or a combination of those stressing agents in hydroponic culture until harvest. Plant growth, yield-related parameters, non protein thiols concentration and mineral nutrition were studied in roots and shoots. Arsenic speciation was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry. Key Results Iron excess increased As retention by the roots in relation to the development of the root iron plaque but decreased As accumulation in the shoot. Arsenic concentration was lower in the grains than in the shoots. Iron stress reduced As accumulation in the husk but not in the dehusked grains. Iron excess decreased the proportion of extractable As(III) and As (V) in the grain while it increased the proportion of extractable As(III) in the shoot. Combined stresses (Fe+As) affected plant nutrition and significantly reduced the plant yield by limiting the number of grains per plant and the grain filling. Conclusions Fe excess had an antagonist impact on shoot As concentration but an additive negative impact on several yield-related parameters. Iron stress influences both As distribution and As speciation in rice.