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Gender differences in diabetic kidney disease: Focus on hormonal, genetic and clinical factors
- Source :
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 5808, p 5808 (2021), International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publication Year :
- 2021
- Publisher :
- MDPI, 2021.
-
Abstract
- Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is one of the most serious complications of both type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Current guidelines recommend a personalized approach in order to reduce the burden of DM and its complications. Recognizing sex and gender- differences in medicine is considered one of the first steps toward personalized medicine, but the gender issue in DM has been scarcely explored so far. Gender differences have been reported in the incidence and the prevalence of DKD, in its phenotypes and clinical manifestations, as well as in several risk factors, with a different impact in the two genders. Hormonal factors, especially estrogen loss, play a significant role in explaining these differences. Additionally, the impact of sex chromosomes as well as the influence of gene–sex interactions with several susceptibility genes for DKD have been investigated. In spite of the increasing evidence that sex and gender should be included in the evaluation of DKD, several open issues remain uncovered, including the potentially different effects of newly recommended drugs, such as SGLT2i and GLP1Ras. This narrative review explored current evidence on sex/gender differences in DKD, taking into account hormonal, genetic and clinical factors.
- Subjects :
- Male
gene polymorphisms
QH301-705.5
030209 endocrinology & metabolism
Susceptibility gene
Review
Disease
030204 cardiovascular system & hematology
Bioinformatics
Catalysis
Inorganic Chemistry
03 medical and health sciences
Sex Factors
0302 clinical medicine
Risk Factors
gender
Humans
Medicine
sex
Diabetic Nephropathies
Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
Biology (General)
Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors
Molecular Biology
QD1-999
Spectroscopy
Diabetic kidney
business.industry
Incidence (epidemiology)
Organic Chemistry
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
General Medicine
diabetic kidney disease
Computer Science Applications
Chemistry
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Diabetic kidney disease
Estrogens
Gender
Gene polymorphisms
Sex
Female
Narrative review
Personalized medicine
business
Hormone
estrogens
Subjects
Details
- Language :
- English
- Database :
- OpenAIRE
- Journal :
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 22, Iss 5808, p 5808 (2021), International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Accession number :
- edsair.doi.dedup.....afed23585c4da598e6519eab172acb31