Use of liver stiffness measurements in acute decompensated heart failure: new applications of a non‐invasive technique

Heart failure (HF) is a complex disease associated with multisystem organ failure, recurrent hospital admissions, and increased mortality. Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) increases central venous pressure (CVP) with resultant hepatic congestion, and this relationship has prognostic significance. The gold standard method of measuring CVP, right heart catheterization, is invasive and costly, prompting further investigation into more accurate non-invasive assessments in HF patients, including liver elastography. Liver elastography relies on imaging techniques to assess liver stiffness measurements (LSM), with high values equating to increased stiffness. While this was developed to assess fibrosis in liver disease, LSM also reflect increased CVP and hepatic congestion. Multiple studies involving ADHF patients, find that increased LSM are independently predictive of increased cardiac events, all-cause mortality, and worse post-operative outcome after both acute HF exacerbation and left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement. In this review, we discuss the role of LSM as a surrogate for CVP and their applications in determining prognosis in both the ADHF and LVAD populations.