Physician extenders on surgical services: the need for a systems perspective

Summary Adding physician extenders (PEs) to surgical teams has the potential to affect care delivery in multiple ways. To develop evidence-based recommendations on integrating PEs into surgical teams, we must recognize that patient care is a complex, adaptive system and requires a health systems perspective to understand how changes will affect outcomes. It is the best method of assessing the system adaptations and trade-offs of adding PEs prior to implementation. Such work would help to optimize research and management of limited health care resources.