A nanoprobe based on molybdenum disulfide nanosheets and silver nanoclusters for imaging and quantification of intracellular adenosine triphosphate

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), as a high-energy phosphate compound that stores and releases energy in living cells, has an irreplaceable role in many physiological processes and maintenance of biological functions, and can be used as an indicator of many diseases. In this work, a composite nanoprobe, silver nanocluster (AgNC) @ molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), was designed to achieve in situ fluorescence imaging and quantitative analysis of intracellular ATP in HeLa cells by fluorescence spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The probe was constructed based on the adsorption of DNA-AgNCs by MoS2 nanosheets, and the DNA-AgNCs were prepared with the ATP aptamer as a template, whose fluorescence was initially quenched by MoS2. When the probe was incubated into the cells, intracellular ATP recognized the aptamer sequence and caused the DNA-AgNCs to fall off the MoS2 nanosheets, resulting in fluorescence recovery. Here, AgNCs not only acted as a fluorescence label for imaging, but also as an element tag for quantitative analysis of intracellular ATP with the detection of 107Ag by ICP-MS. The ATP in HeLa cells detected by this method was 24.6 ± 1.7 nmol L−1, which was in good agreement with the test result of the ATP test kit (20.4 ± 0.8 nmol L−1). The proposed method has potential application in medical clinical diagnosis and evaluation of the body’s metabolic level via fluorescence imaging and ICP-MS detection of intracellular ATP.