Assessment of the Relationship Between Smoking and Depression in Pregnant Women

Smoking during pregnancy has negative effects on both maternal and fetal health. One of these negative maternal effects is the potential for depression. A high rate of cigarette smoking in pregnancy is an important public health issue since it affects not only the pregnant woman but also the newborn and its healthy development. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between smoking, influencing factors, and depression prevalence in pregnant Syrian refugees and pregnant citizens of the Republic of Turkey (TR). Pregnant citizens in the TR and pregnant Syrian refugees who were registered at health centers between 15.04.2017 and 15.10.2017 in the border city of Ceylanpınar in the Province of Şanlıurfa in Syria were visited in their living areas in the district center and at a tent village, respectively. A total of 414 pregnant women agreed to participate in the study and were included in the survey. To collect data for the cross-sectional study, a sociodemographic and pregnancy characteristics questionnaire was used, in addition to the Fageström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The rate of smoking in all pregnant women was determined to be 49.3% (n = 204) before pregnancy and 37.9% (n = 157) during pregnancy. A statistically significant difference was found between age groups and educational status in relation to smoking status (p = 0.005, p = 0.001). There was also a statistically significant difference between the smoking status of pregnant women and that of their partners and family members (p = 0.001, p = 0.002). The percentage of pregnant women who were passive smokers was 80.2% (n = 332), and a statistically significant difference was found between passive smoking and smoking status (Fisher; 0.000). The presence of risk for depression was detected in 49.8% (n = 206) of all pregnant women surveyed; the rate of depression risk was 50.5% (n = 104) in pregnant TR citizens and 49.5% (n = 102) in pregnant refugees, with no significant difference between the two groups. There was a statistically significant difference between smoking status in pregnancy and the presence of depression risk (p = 0.001). 32.5% of pregnant women were highly nicotine dependent. A moderate positive correlation was determined between the FTND and BDI scores of pregnant women (r = 0.346; p = 0.001). It was found that one-third of all pregnant women smoked and that one of every two showed a risk for depression. A statistically significant correlation was found between smoking status and risk for depression. No statistically significant difference was determined between the two groups, despite high levels of smoking, nicotine dependence, and depression in both. These data suggest the need to develop new preventive strategies in regard to smoking among pregnant women.