Woundary ballistics of biological tissue's plastic deformation on the model of ballistic plastiline using hollow point and shape-stable bullets

Gumeniuk Kostiantyn, Lurin Igor, Tsema Ievgen, Susak Yaroslav, Mykhaylenko Oleksandr, Nehoduiko Volodymyr, Krymchuk Serhiy, Gryshchenko Oleksandr, Lopatiuk Kostiantyn, Maksymenko Myhailo, Dubenko Dmytro, Tsema Yegor. Woundary ballistics of biological tissue’s plastic deformation on the model of ballistic plastiline using hollow point and shape-stable bullets. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2021;11(11):37-57. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2021.11.11.003 https://apcz.umk.pl/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2021.11.11.003 https://zenodo.org/record/5659668 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2021; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 10.10.2021. Revised: 22.10.2021. Accepted: 09.11.2021. WOUNDARY BALLISTICS OF BIOLOGICAL TISSUE’S PLASTIC DEFORMATION ON THE MODEL OF BALLISTIC PLASTILINE USING HOLLOW POINT AND SHAPE-STABLE BULLETS Kostiantyn Gumeniuk1, Igor Lurin2, Ievgen Tsema3, Yaroslav Susak3, Oleksandr Mykhaylenko4, Volodymyr Nehoduiko5, Serhiy Krymchuk4, Oleksandr Gryshchenko4, Kostiantyn Lopatiuk4, Myhailo Maksymenko4, Dmytro Dubenko4, Yegor Tsema6 1Ukrainian Military Medical Academy of Ministry of Defense of Ukraine, Ukraine, Kyiv 2National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine, Kyiv 3Bogomolets National Medical University, Ukraine, Kyiv 4State Research Forensic Center Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, Ukraine, Kyiv 5Military Medical Clinical Center of the Northern Region, Ukraine, Kyiv 6Faculty of Cybersecurity, Computer and Software Engineering of National Aviation University, Kyiv Correspond author: Ievgen Tsema, MD, professor, Department of Urgent and Vascular Surgery, Bogomolets National Medical University, Kyiv, Ukraine, Email: hemorrhoid@ukr.net Abstract Introduction. Modern military conflicts make many challenges for military surgeons associated with the use of new types of weapons – hollow point bullets. The solution to this problem, firstly, depends on studying the characteristics of the terminal ballistics of such ammunition and comparing the data obtained with the characteristics of traditional weapon. The aim of the work is to conduct experimental modeling of the wound canal and residual wound cavity, which is formed due to plastic deformation from hollow point and non-hollow point bullets. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on 40 blocks of ballistic plasticine, in each of which one shot was fired from an AKS-74 assault rifle and a ZBROYAR Z-10 carbine. Depending on the type of ammunition, the blocks of ballistic plasticine were divided into 4 groups: Group 1 – 10 blocks into which shots were made with 5.45 mm non-hollow point military cartridges with "PS" bullets with a steel core "7N6"; Group 2 (10 blocks) – 5.45x39 mm cartridges with "V-Max" hollow point bullets; Group 3 (10 blocks) – with cartridges 7.62x39 mm; Group 4 (10 blocks) – cartridges 7.62x39 mm with hollow point bullets of the "SP" type. Results and discussion. Only for a 5.45 mm military cartridge with "PS" bullets, both inlet and outlet bullet holes were detected in all 10 observations. When using non-hollow point bullets, the outer area of the bullet inlet correlates with the caliber of the projectile (1.6 times larger when using 7.62 mm bullets). For hollow point bullets, the caliber of the projectile does not significantly affect the area of the inlet (P < 0.05). The expansive properties of the bullet significantly increase the area of the bullet hole by 14.87-31.2 times compared to non-hollow point ammunition. Increasing the caliber of the non-hollow point bullet leads to a significant increase in the area of the sagittal section of the residual wound cavity in 1.59-2.03 times; whereas the expansive properties of the bullet do not significantly affect either the perimeter or the area of the sagittal section of the residual wound cavity. For non-hollow point bullets, the volume of the residual wound cavity is more correlated with the caliber of the bullet (increases by 3.36 times); whereas for an hollow point bullet, its caliber has a smaller effect on the volume of the residual cavity (increases by 1.37 times). The expansive properties of the bullet affect the volume of the residual wound cavity in two ways: for 5.45 mm bullets the residual wound cavity increases 1.49 times, for 7.62 mm bullets it decreases 1.65 times. The use of hollow point bullets of 7.62 mm leads to greater collateral damage (zone of secondary necrosis, molecular shock) due to the scattering of the kinetic energy of the bullet to the elastic deformation of near-woundary tissues compared to non-hollow point analogues. The use of 5.45 mm expansive bullets leads to the formation of a larger volume of irreversible damage due to plastic deformation compared to non-hollow point analogues. Conclusions. The resulting model of plastic deformation of soft tissues, depending on the type of modern small arms, showed the dependence of the spatial configuration of the inlet bullet hole, residual wound cavity and deformation and fragmentation of the bullet on the caliber of the cartridge and its expansive properties. Key words: terminal ballistics; wound ballistics; gunshot wound; wound canal; hollow point bullets; plastic deformation; residual wound cavity.